David Satter
On
Christmas Day 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev, president of the Soviet Union, gave his
farewell speech and more than seven decades of Russian revolutionary socialism
came to an end. A generation later, the spirit of the Soviet Union has
re-emerged with mass support in the U.S.
When I arrived in Moscow in 1976 to begin a
six-year stint as a correspondent, I was struck by the red flags flying from
government buildings and the somber streets devoid of advertising except for
garish posters showing workers with clenched fists demanding an end to the arms
race.
When the Soviet Union fell, it seemed the Soviet
attempt to impose a deluded version of reality had died with it. Francis
Fukuyama, in his 1989 essay “The End of History,” said that Marxism-Leninism
was doomed as an alternative to liberal democracy. I argued at the time that
the drive to make a religion out of politics had not disappeared.
For the past four years, potted histories have
warned about the rise of fascism in the U.S. But the real danger is the
transformation of “tolerance” into an ideology with its own courts, informers
and punishments, all of them reminiscent of the Soviet Union.
One of the pillars of the Soviet Union was a
controlled press in which all coverage was organized to confirm a mendacious
ideology.
A friend of mine in Moscow, Vladimir Fyodorov, went
to work for the TASS news service, which offered readers not news but a
“correct” depiction of events, especially regarding the U.S. and the “ulcers of
capitalism”—racism, crime and unemployment.
On his first day at TASS, Vladimir was handed a
United Press International story about a U.S. company that was promoting a
high-quality tire and offered to replace older tires free of charge. Vladimir
wanted to kill the story but his boss rewrote it. The new version read: “In the
crafty capitalist market, firms frequently offer low-quality products. This is
why a well-known American firm was forced to replace tires that were of
inferior quality.” The headline was “Deception of Buyer.”
A few weeks later, Vladimir was given a report
that prisons in Fiji were so comfortable that people preferred to stay there
than to be at liberty. He produced a report that life in Fiji was so unbearable
that people preferred to live in prison. His colleagues congratulated him. He
told himself: “I’m going to go out of my mind here.”
Soviet practices would have once been unthinkable
in the U.S. media. But in August 2016, Jim Rutenberg, media columnist for the New York Times,
wrote that if journalists believed that Mr. Trump was a “demagogue playing to
the nation’s worst racist and nationalist tendencies,” it was necessary to
“throw out the textbook of American journalism.” The Times started to
characterize Mr. Trump’s statements as “lies” in news stories and suppress news
that worked to Mr. Trump’s advantage, such as the Hunter Biden story this fall.
The Times also advanced an ideological account of
U.S. history, according to which the American Revolution was undertaken to
defend slavery, and promoted it over the objections of historians and the
paper’s own fact-checkers.
The Soviet system also relied on the complete
liquidation of academic freedom. Marxism-Leninism was treated as a perfect
science. But the ideology raised obvious questions: In a “classless society,”
why were there special stores for officials? If socialism ended war, why did
the Soviet Union and China go to war in 1969 over Damansky Island?
If a student tried to raise these questions, he
was expelled from the Komsomol, the communist youth league. That ended any hope
of a career. I knew a young man in Moscow who refused to be intimidated and
continued to ask questions. He was committed to a mental hospital.
The Soviet style has become a reality in the U.S.
Speakers are routinely canceled on ideological grounds: In July the College of
the Atlantic in Bar Harbour, Maine, canceled a virtual talk with Leonard Leo of
the Federalist Society because of “the moment of reckoning our society is going
through.” At my alma mater, the University of Chicago, the English department
announced that it would “only accept applicants interested in working in and
with Black Studies.”
The Soviet Union finally counted on the readiness
of people to betray even family and friends. The regime held up Pavel Morozov (1918-32)
as a martyr. He lived in a village in the Urals when the regime was
collectivizing agriculture. When Pavel learned that his father was helping
peasants hide grain, he walked 35 miles to the nearest town to report him to
the secret police. His father was arrested and Pavel was stabbed to death by
relatives.
I thought of Pavel Morozov when I read a June
op-ed in the New York Times by Chad Sanders, a black writer. He told his white
friends that he didn’t need their “love texts” and suggested that instead they
cut off contact with family members until they sent money to Black Lives Matter
or joined their protests.
When Mr. Gorbachev began the reforms that
destroyed the Soviet Union, he said, referring to the U.S.: “We’re going to do
something terrible to you. We’re going to deprive you of an enemy.” Twenty-nine
years later, it’s clear he was right. Without the ideological challenge of the
Soviet Union, we have become immersed in internal conflicts and have made an
ideology out of them.
It is true that Marxism is a more coherent system
of thought than “wokeism.” But even an intellectual hodgepodge can engender
totalitarian habits if it fulfills an emotional need and becomes a device of
interpretation.
The antidote is fidelity to higher values. But
that requires a moral seriousness that a world at peace and in thrall to
superficialities does not inspire. “The West does not know and does not want to
know what shaped it,” writes Cardinal Robert Sarah, a Guinean prelate. “This
self-asphyxiation leads to new barbaric civilizations.”
The Soviet Union is dead, but its ghost wanders
an unsettled world. Finding a lodestar for society’s moral development is the
most important challenge facing the U.S. today.
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